How to Diagnose and Treat ADHD
Many people believe ADHD is a child's issue but it can affect adults. Finding a doctor and treating ADHD can help improve the quality of life of a person.
An evaluation for ADHD could involve a conversation with the person and family members. The doctor may also examine old school records to determine if the symptoms started as when a child.
Symptoms
Everyone has trouble concentrating and staying organized from time to time however, for those who suffers from ADHD this can cause problems with school, work and family life. A person must exhibit major symptoms in two of these areas and they must be able to significantly impact everyday functioning for them to be identified as having ADHD. The symptoms must have been present for at least six months.
A doctor will inquire of the patient about their symptoms, as well as about any medical concerns and family history. They can also use rating scales to measure adult's or a child's symptoms. These questionnaires are often constructed using the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth Edition (DSM-5). They ask about symptoms such as inattention, hyperactivity and the tendency to be impulsive.
Adults might be asked to speak with their spouse or someone who knows them well. This isn't meant to challenge the authenticity of the person, but rather to gain a better understanding of a person's behavior that can't be obtained from a questionnaire. You can also inquire about their childhood behavior, and look at old school records to determine whether the signs started prior to the age of 12.
Before determining a diagnosis the doctor will conduct a physical exam and do tests in the lab to rule out other health conditions, such as head injuries or thyroid issues that may cause similar symptoms. The doctor will also look over a person's medication list. Doctors will look at the interactions between stimulants and medications prescribed for depression, high blood pressure, and other issues. This is the reason it's crucial for adults to talk to their primary healthcare providers in the event that they suspect they be suffering from ADHD.
Diagnosis
To be considered to have ADHD symptoms must manifest in at least two settings (such as at home, school and at work) and affect the functioning of the individual. The symptoms must be evident before the age of 12 and can't be caused by a different disorder like depression or anxiety.
A psychiatrist or a mental health professional will employ a variety tools during the evaluation, including ADHD symptoms checklists as well as standardized behavior rating scales and a detailed medical history. They may interview friends and family members to see how the person's symptoms have affected them. They'll inquire if the symptoms are similar to those of other psychiatric conditions or physical conditions.
Evaluators will take into account whether the symptoms are mild or severe. They will also review the person's medical history as well as family history to determine if there isn't any underlying cause for their issues such as thyroid issues, head injuries or medication.
In some instances, an evaluator may want to conduct a cognitive test or request an imaging test to rule out any other possible causes for their symptoms, including learning disabilities, mood disorders, personality disorders and alcohol abuse. People who suffer from these issues tend to show different symptoms than those who don't have them. Boys are more likely to exhibit hyperactive symptoms, while girls exhibit inattention symptoms.
A few people suffering from ADHD are interested in participating in a clinical study to try out new treatments. While this is a fantastic opportunity to contribute to further research, it is important for participants to realize that the main purpose of these studies is to acquire information from the scientific community and does not necessarily guarantee they will receive treatment. For more information about clinical trials, check out NIMH's Clinical Trials fact sheet.
Treatment
If you suspect that you might have ADHD, find a professional who is certified to recognize the disorder. Check with your health insurance provider to find out whether ADHD specialists are covered. You can also seek referrals from family doctors or other health care professionals. Additionally, referrals from word-of-mouth are a good option.
A doctor will talk to the patient -- or their parents, in children's cases -- about the symptoms. They may use checklists that are standard or ADHD symptoms, and ask others in the person's life for information like their spouses and their families. Personal insight can reveal more than what can be learned from questionnaires.
A professional will also want to look over any documents that the individual may have, particularly old school reports. More of ADHD is often determined by the past of an individual. To be considered diagnosed the symptoms must be present since the time of childhood (technically prior to the age of 12).
A physical exam is also conducted. It checks for other medical problems that could be causing the symptoms, such as seizures or thyroid issues. A neurological exam is usually carried out by an expert to test the coordination and motor control. Psychological tests that test intelligence and abilities may also be used. In addition, a person might be asked to perform simple computer tasks that test memory and attention. This could help the expert determine if a person is hyperactive, inattentive, or impulsive. The expert will determine the diagnosis and suggest treatment. Typically, the treatment plan includes medication and therapy. Talk therapy or psychotherapy can aid children and adults in learning healthy coping techniques and change destructive thought patterns. The therapy can be offered by a primary physician or a mental health professional who is a specialist in adult ADHD.
Medication
Many people suffering from ADHD are helped by medication, though it's not the only option to treat the condition. Psychotherapy, behavioral therapy, or a combination of the two can be beneficial for children, teens, and adults. These therapies help them cope and learn to live with their ADHD symptoms. Psychoeducation, or education on ADHD and ways to manage it, may be included. They may involve teachers, family members, and other professionals.
It is important to find a medical professional or mental health professional who has expertise in treating ADHD. You can ask for suggestions from others who suffer from ADHD or from a mental health professional you already know, or do an online search. It is best to locate a specialist who is familiar with your insurance plan.
The health professional will inquire with you or your child about the signs and problems that are caused by ADHD. They will do a physical exam and check for other health issues that may cause similar symptoms. They will review the medical and family history of your child or you along with school documents and other reports.
The American Psychiatric Association's (DSM-V) that is primarily designed to diagnose children, has a more difficult time diagnosing ADHD in adults. Your health care provider might interview you or your children about the symptoms and have other people who spend lots of time with them to fill out checklists and questionnaires. They will use these to help them decide whether you or your child has inattentive ADHD, hyperactive-impulsive ADHD, combined ADHD or unspecified ADHD. ADHD medications include stimulants such as the methylphenidate, Lisdexamfetamine and atomoxe, as well nonstimulants such atomoxetine as well as certain antidepressants. They work by increasing and balancing levels of neurotransmitters in the brain.
Counseling
Many people with ADHD have co-occurring disorders like anxiety or depression. This is why treatment should include therapy that targets these issues. Some patients can benefit from cognitive behavioral treatment, which teaches skills like managing time and tasks and emotional self-regulation.
Therapists can also help patients manage their symptoms through lifestyle adjustments. Regular exercise can help decrease hyperactivity and improve focus. A healthy diet is important; people with ADHD tend to eat higher levels of sugar and fat, and eat fewer vegetables and fruits than the rest of us. In addition making family and social relationships a priority can lower stress levels and help individuals feel more in control of their lives.
Another major benefit of having an ADHD diagnosis is that it gives children and adults a clearer awareness of their difficulties. A child diagnosed with ADHD might have difficulty communicating their requirements to teachers or their peers. When a teacher is aware that this is not an individual issue or because of a lack of time, they can provide adjustments.
A professional who evaluates ADHD will ask questions that are targeted to the individual's age, talk to family members and teachers, read medical files, and check for any comorbid conditions. For adults, records from schools could help determine if the ADHD symptoms began before age.
A physical exam is often included, and the specialist will likely test for hearing and vision problems. They may also perform an examination of the blood to test for certain hormones, as well as other health conditions which can cause ADHD-like signs and symptoms.